Gay Marriage: Legal & Constitutional Issues

Citation is the practice of providing information about the sources you have used in your writing. This allows readers to trace ideas back to their original sources and gives credit to the original author.

Citation acknowledges any source that has directly influenced your language, ideas, or arguments. You should cite not only what you quote, but also what you paraphrase.

If you don't cite, you may be guilty of plagiarism.

While the exact parts of a citation vary from one source type to the next, the most common elements address the questions who, what, when, and where.

Who

This is the name of the person (author, composer, artist) who is responsible for the work being cited. More rarely, it may be an institution rather than an individual, as in many government documents.

What

The title of the work

When

The date of the item being cited. Usually, only the year is required, but if you have more specific information, you can include that as well.

Where

Where can someone who is interested in this source find it? This information may include one or more of the following:

• Publication title (with volume, number, and page numbers)
• URL - for example, http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/07/politics/xi-trump-summit-syria/
• DOI (digital object identifier) - for example, 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.021

Sample citation in APA style.

A common misconception is that you only need to cite when using a direct quote from the source. In fact, you need to cite whether you directly quote a source or paraphrase it. It's about the idea, not just the expression. More details about citation and paraphrasing can be found in the plagiarism page of Research 101.

The citation process involves two parts.

1. The reference list (aka bibliography). This lists the complete details of every item you cite. It is located at the end of your paper.

A full APA citation for an article might look like this:

2. In-text citations. These are mini-citations that occur within the body of your paper, either as parenthetical notes or as footnotes at the bottom of the page. These give a shorter form of the citation. Interested readers can refer to your reference list for complete details.

The in-text citation for the paper listed above might look like this:

Many different organizations and publications have developed rules for how sources should be cited. For undergraduate work, APA, MLA, and Chicago are the most used. Make sure that within a given assignment you follow the rules of the style preferred by your instructor. If your instructor just says "be consistent," pick one of the common styles to use. For information on specific styles, see our citation styles page.

Writing citations and bibliographies can be tedious and time-consuming tasks. Luckily, there are some great free tools that will create them for you. Such tools will let you collect a set of sources and then drop them into your paper as you type. They will also let you automatically convert from one citation style to another. We recommend using either Zotero or Mendeley.